Sensors and feedback systems are critical components integrated into manipulators to provide real-time information about the manipulator's position, orientation, and interaction with objects. These systems enable precise control, monitoring, and adjustment of manipulator movements and actions during operation.

Position sensors, such as encoders or potentiometers, measure the angular displacement of joints and segments within the manipulator. They provide feedback to the control system, allowing it to accurately determine the manipulator's position and movement trajectory.

Force and torque sensors measure the forces exerted by the manipulator on objects or the environment. These sensors enable force/torque control algorithms to regulate the amount of force applied during manipulation tasks, ensuring gentle handling of delicate objects or precise application of force in assembly processes.

Vision systems, including cameras and depth sensors, provide visual feedback to the manipulator's control system. These systems enable object recognition, localization, and tracking, allowing manipulators to identify and interact with objects based on visual information.

Pressure sensors monitor hydraulic or pneumatic pressures within the manipulator's actuators and components. They help ensure the proper functioning of hydraulic or pneumatic systems, detect leaks or malfunctions, and maintain safe operating conditions.

Feedback systems integrate sensor data with control algorithms to implement closed-loop control strategies. Closed-loop control continuously compares desired and actual states of the manipulator, adjusting commands to actuators in real-time to achieve accurate and reliable performance.

In conclusion, sensors and feedback systems are essential components of manipulators that enable precise control, monitoring, and adaptation to dynamic operating conditions. Their integration enhances the functionality, safety, and efficiency of manipulators across diverse industrial applications, from manufacturing and assembly to robotic surgery and hazardous environment operations.